Cognitive Enhancement Therapy Improves Outcomes for Adults With Autism

New collaborative research out of the University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work signals a potential breakthrough for adults with autism spectrum disorder.

While there have been advances in early detection and many studies involving the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder, few efforts to date have focused on interventions for adults. These individuals experience significant challenges throughout adulthood, including unemployment, social impairment, and poor quality of life. It is believed that the challenges people with autism have in processing and understanding information contribute to these difficulties in adulthood. But treatments to address such problems are virtually nonexistent.

The new six-year study, “Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of an 18-Month Randomized Clinical Trial,” involved 54 adults and was led by Shaun Eack, PhD, MSW, and Nancy Minshew, MD, both of the University of Pittsburgh.

The study tested two treatments, cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) and enriched supportive therapy (EST).

CET focused on helping adults improve their thinking and social understanding through computer-based exercises designed to improve attention, memory, and problem-solving, along with small group exercises designed to help individuals take the perspectives of others and better understand social situations.

The computerized part of the treatment was administered to pairs of adults with autism to help improve their neurocognitive abilities, such as attention and cognitive flexibility—important precursors to higher-level skills involved in problem-solving, self-regulation, and social communication. After several months of computer training, the participant pairs then joined to form a small group focused on social cognition, or thinking abilities involved in understanding others and processing social information. Participants engaged in these computerized and group-based components for approximately three hours per week.

The second treatment tested, EST, was a one-on-one hour-long session per week in which the participants learned to manage their emotions and stress, improve their social skills, and cope with everyday problems. EST builds on traditional psychotherapy practices, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and uses them to help adults with autism become more aware of their triggers of stress and implement effective strategies to cope with stress and negative emotions. The treatment also provided education to help adults with autism understand their condition, which was an additional focus of the CET group, as many affected adults have not been educated on the nature of autism, its treatment, and the challenges it presents in adulthood. Participants were randomly assigned to either the CET or EST treatment.

The study’s findings, published online in the journal Autism Research, revealed that after 18 months of treatment, adults with autism who received CET had significant increases in neurocognitive function, particularly in attention and their ability to process information quickly. These cognitive gains helped some participants to be much more employable. Further improvements also were seen in social cognition and social understanding.

Those treated with EST showed a marked increase in social-cognitive behaviors, but it took nearly nine months longer for such benefits to emerge compared with adults treated with CET, suggesting that the more intensive training offered in that approach may help speed improvement.

Eack says many previous autism spectrum disorder treatments have been more behavioral in nature, without a focus on trying to improve core cognitive challenges, and it’s especially important for this age group.

“Autism can be more complicated for adults because the adult world introduces new challenges,” Eack says. “The support networks for children, like special education and other help they receive in school, are simply not there for adults. We hope this study will begin to establish effective treatments for adults with autism.”

“This comparative effectiveness clinical trial provides two new treatments for the 50% of adults with autism who have average or above intelligence and formal language,” says Minshew, adding that it’s now critical that both new treatments be disseminated in the community. “It also is likely that individuals who do not have autism but have social, emotional, or problem-solving challenges may benefit as well from both treatments,” she says.

— Source: Health Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh