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Teens Using Vaping Devices in Record Numbers

Opioid misuse at record lows with marijuana use remaining stable.

America's teens report a dramatic increase in their use of vaping devices in just a single year, with 37.3% of 12th graders reporting "any vaping" in the past 12 months, compared with just 27.8% in 2017. These findings come from the 2018 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of a nationally representative sample of eighth, 10th, and 12th graders in schools nationwide, funded by a government grant to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The annual results were announced by the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), part of the National Institutes of Health, along with the scientists who lead the research team.

Reported use of vaping nicotine specifically in the 30 days prior to the survey nearly doubled among high school seniors from 11% in 2017 to 20.9% in 2018. More than 1 in 10 eighth graders (10.9%) say they vaped nicotine in the past year, and use is up significantly in virtually all vaping measures among eighth, 10th, and 12th graders. Reports of past year marijuana vaping also increased this year, at 13.1% for 12th graders, up from 9.5% last year.

"Teens are clearly attracted to the marketable technology and flavorings seen in vaping devices; however, it is urgent that teens understand the possible effects of vaping on overall health, the development of the teen brain, and the potential for addiction," says Nora D. Volkow, MD, director of NIDA. "Research tells us that teens who vape may be at risk for transitioning to regular cigarettes, so while we have celebrated our success in lowering their rates of tobacco use in recent years, we must continue aggressive educational efforts on all products containing nicotine."

The percent of 12th graders who say they vaped "just flavoring" in the past year also increased to 25.7% in 2018 from 20.6% in 2017. However, it is unclear if teens know what is in the vaping devices they are using, since the most popular devices do not have nicotine-free options, and some labeling has been shown to be inaccurate. There was also a significant jump in perceived availability of vaping devices and liquids in eighth and 10th graders, with 45.7% and 66.6%, respectively, saying the devices are "fairly easy" or "very easy" to get.

There is more information on the survey's vaping findings in a recent issue of The New England Journal of Medicine. In a letter to the editor written by Richard Miech, PhD, the MTF study team lead, Miech points out that the one-year increases in the prevalence of nicotine vaping translate into approximately 1.3 million additional adolescents who vaped in 2018, as compared with 2017. The increase in vaping rates between 2017 and 2018 also aligns with the recently released CDC/FDA government funded National Youth Tobacco Survey.

Tobacco
This year's survey shows regular tobacco is still at its lowest point in the survey since it began measuring it, with only 3.6% of high school seniors smoking daily, compared with 22.4% two decades ago. Smoking tobacco with a hookah is significantly lower than five years ago, at 7.8% in the past year among high school seniors, compared with 21.4% in 2013.

Opioids
The alarming news about vaping is in sharp contrast to the good news about teenage opioid use. The past year use of narcotics other than heroin (i.e., prescription opioids) is at 3.4% among 12th graders—a significant change from 4.2% in 2017. Only 1.7% of high school seniors report misuse of Vicodin in the past year, compared with a peak of 10.5% 15 years ago. It is also important to note that heroin use in all three grades remains very low with only 0.4% of 12th graders reporting past year use.

"With illicit opioid use at generally the lowest in the history of the survey, it is possible that being in high school offers a protective effect against opioid misuse and addiction," Volkow says. "We will be focusing much of our new prevention research on the period of time when teens transition out of school into the adult world and become exposed to the dangerous use of these drugs."

Marijuana and Other Drugs
Close to 1 in 4 high school seniors report use of an illicit drug in the past month, led by marijuana use. Rates of overall marijuana use are steady, with 5.8% of 12th graders reporting daily use. Daily use of marijuana has been reported by high school seniors for the past 20 years at somewhere between 5% and 6.6%. Past year rates of marijuana use are generally steady among sophomores and seniors, showing as 27.5% for 10th graders and 35.9% for 12th graders. However, there is a significant five-year drop among eighth graders—from 12.7% in 2013 to 10.5% in 2018. There continues to be more 12th graders who report using marijuana every day than smoking cigarettes (5.8% vs. 3.6%) and only 26.7% of 12th graders think regular marijuana use offers great risk of harm.

Other illicit drugs, including cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, and MDMA (ecstasy), remain close to historic lows. Inhalants, the only drug category that is usually higher among younger teens, is reported at 4.6 among eighth graders, compared with a peak of 12.8% in 1995.

Alcohol
There is positive news related to teen drinking with just 17.5% of 12th graders saying they have been drunk in the past 30 days, down significantly from five years ago, when it was reported at 26%. Reports of binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks) is down significantly among 12th graders, at 13.8%—down from 16.6% in 2017, and compared with 31.5% when the rates peaked in 1998. These findings represent the lowest rates seen for these alcohol measures since the survey began asking the questions.

"We are encouraged to see continued declines in a variety of measures of underage alcohol use," says George F. Koob, PhD, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "The new data, however, underscore that far too many young people continue to drink at a time in their lives when their brains and bodies are quite vulnerable to alcohol-related harms. We remain committed to developing and improving strategies to prevent the onset of drinking among youth, so that more young people can be spared the consequences of alcohol misuse."

The MTF survey releases findings the same year the data is collected. It has been conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor since 1975.

Overall, 44,482 students from 392 public and private schools participated in this year's MTF survey. Since 1975, the survey has measured drug, alcohol, and cigarette use and related attitudes in 12th graders nationwide. Eighth and 10th graders were added to the survey in 1991. Survey participants generally report their drug use behaviors across three-time periods: lifetime, past year, and past month. NIDA has provided grant funding for the survey since its inception. MTF is funded under grant number DA001411. Additional information on the MTF Survey can be found at www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future.

Source: National Institutes of Health