Programs Help Shield Black Youth From Effects of Racism

Family-centered prevention programs that foster protective caregiving can buffer the negative effects of racial discrimination on young Black people, according to a study published by University of Georgia (UGA) researchers.

Research shows that Black youth exposed to various levels of racial discrimination—including slurs, threats, and false accusations—are at a high risk for poor mental health outcomes such as hopelessness, conduct problems, drug use, and depression. After participating in family-oriented programs, high school–age adolescents who encountered high levels of racial discrimination and received supportive caregiving evinced fewer increases in conduct problems and depression/anxiety symptoms two years later.

“This research shows that receipt of high levels of warmth and emotional support and parental involvement provides a shield that allows young Black people to better cope with the negative and pernicious effects of racial discrimination,” says Gene Brody, PhD, founder and director of UGA’s Center for Family Research.

The paper, published in JAMA Network Open, is the first to report that prevention programs aimed at enhancing supportive parenting may offset mental health risks and help protect young people from some of the negative effects of racial discrimination.

“We know that children respond differently to encounters with racial discrimination, so we wanted to know what’s the contribution of protective caregiving,” says Brody, a Regents’ Professor. “The results showed that young people who encountered high levels of racial discrimination and participated in these prevention programs were less likely to develop behavioral problems and symptoms of anxiety and depression.”

The research analyzed data from randomized trials testing two family-centered programs on Black youth in 12 rural Georgia communities. The Strong African-American Families-Teen program worked with adolescents in 10th grade and their primary caregivers, while the Adults in the Making program worked with high school seniors and their caregivers.

Caregivers, through exercises and video demonstrations of parenting practices, learned about adolescent development and tools to protect teenagers from negative life events, including racial discrimination. The youth learned about setting goals and persisting toward them as well as how to resist peer pressure and communicate with parents.

“Since our programs were designed to enhance protective caregiving, we wanted to see if adolescents were protected, and we were able to show two years later they did protect the mental health of these young people,” says Brody, who adds these programs are being implemented in about 50 communities throughout the nation.

While the study analyzed data from programs implemented in the mid-2000s, Brody believes the results have a significant relevance in a time of heightened attention on social and racial justice in America.

“The rate of racial discrimination that young people were exposed to in the early 2000s was high and prevalent in the communities that we studied, and as we all know they’re high and prevalent in the nation,” Brody says. “So we think that the results of these studies are probably very relevant, but we need to do more studies with people growing up today in this country.”

— Source: University of Georgia

In Calculating the Social Cost of Methane, Equity Matters

What is the cost of 1 ton of a greenhouse gas? When a climate-warming gas such as carbon dioxide or methane is emitted into the atmosphere, its impacts may be felt years and even decades into the future—in the form of rising sea levels, changes in agricultural productivity, or more extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and heat waves. Those impacts are quantified in a metric called the “social cost of carbon,” considered a vital tool for making sound and efficient climate policies.

A study by a team including researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) reports that the social cost of methane—a greenhouse gas that is 30 times as potent as carbon dioxide in its ability to trap heat—varies by as much as an order of magnitude between industrialized and developing regions of the world.

Published in the journal Nature, the study finds that by accounting for economic inequalities between countries and regions, the social cost of methane drops by almost a factor of 10 in sub-Saharan Africa and jumps by almost a factor of 10 for industrialized countries, such as the United States. The study calculated a global mean estimate of the social cost of methane of $922 per metric ton (not accounting for the inequity), decreasing to $130 per metric ton for sub-Saharan Africa and rising to $8,040 per metric ton for the United States.

“The paper broadly supports the previous U.S. government estimates of the social cost of methane, but if you use the number the way it’s typically used—as a global estimate, as if all countries are—then it doesn’t account for the inequities,” says Berkeley Lab scientist William Collins, PhD, one of the study’s coauthors.

The lead authors of the study were David Anthoff, PhD, a professor in UC Berkeley’s Energy and Resources Group, and Frank Errickson, PhD, a graduate student in the group at the time of the study. Other study coauthors were Klaus Keller, PhD, and Vivek Srikrishnan, PhD, of The Pennsylvania State University. “The Biden administration’s climate policy agenda calls for prioritizing environmental justice and equity. We provide a way for them to directly incorporate concerns for equity in methane emission regulations,” says Errickson, now a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University. “Our results capture that the same climate impact, when measured in dollars, causes a greater loss in well-being for low-income regions relative to wealthy ones.”

Like the social cost of carbon, the social cost of methane is a metric that is not widely used by the public but is increasingly used by government agencies and corporations in making decisions around policies and capital investments. By properly accounting for future damages that may be caused by greenhouse gas emissions, policymakers can weigh present costs against future avoided harms. In fact, a White House executive order on the climate crisis established a working group to provide an accurate accounting of the social costs of carbon, methane, and nitrous oxide.

“President Biden’s action represents a much-needed return of science-based policy in the United States,” Anthoff says. “Devastating weather events and wildfires have become more common, and the costs of climate impacts are mounting.”

“The social costs of methane and carbon dioxide are used directly in cost-benefit analyses all the time,” Collins says. “You have to figure out how to maximize the benefit from a dollar spent on mitigating methane emissions, as opposed to any of the other ways in which one might choose to spend that dollar. You want to make sure that you are not using a gold-plated Band-Aid.”

Given the current estimate of global methane emissions of 300 million metric tons per year, that puts the annual social cost of methane at nearly $300 billion, says Collins, head of Berkeley Lab’s climate and ecosystem sciences division and also a professor in UC Berkeley’s earth and planetary science department. “Wet areas will get wetter and dry areas dryer, so there’s an increase in severity of storms and droughts,” he says. “The cost would include all the things that flow from that, such as infrastructure damaged, increased expenditures around keeping places cool, health risks associated with heat, and so on.”

While some methane comes from natural sources—mostly wetlands—about 60% of methane emissions come from human activity, including agriculture, fossil fuel production, landfills, and livestock production. It is considered a short-lived climate pollutant, staying in the atmosphere for only a decade or so, compared with more than 100 years for carbon dioxide.

“Given its potency as a greenhouse gas, regulating emissions of methane has long been recognized as critical component for designing an economically efficient climate policy,” Anthoff says. “Our study updates the social cost of methane estimates and fills a critical gap in determining social costs.”

Under the Obama administration, the price was estimated at about $1,400 per metric ton. The Berkeley researchers made a technical correction in accounting for offsetting influences on the climate system, arriving at global mean estimate of $922 per metric ton. “We’re suggesting they slightly overestimated it,” Collins says.

But more importantly, the uncertainty around the social cost of methane comes more from the social side, not the physics. “As a climate scientist, we’ve been busy trying to improve our estimates of the warming caused by methane,” Collins says. “But it turns out the physics side is no longer the major source of uncertainty in the social cost of methane. It’s now moved to the socio-economic sector, accounting for the damages and inequities.”

How societies choose to develop in the future—such as expanding cities along coastlines or areas prone to flooding or wildfires, or moving away from such areas—are a big unknown. “If we choose mitigate climate change more aggressively, the social cost of methane drops drastically,” Collins says.

“Continuing our work to further explore the relationship between climate change and socioeconomic uncertainties—not to mention the complex but important issues that arise when we account for equity—is a promising area for future research and policy exploration,” Anthoff says.

— Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory