Research Review

HIV Treatment Adherence, Outcomes Improving Among Positive Transgender People

HIV-positive transgender people are just as likely to stay in care, take their medication, and have similar outcomes as other men and women living with the disease, according to new research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and published online in Clinical Infectious Diseases.

The study—which looked at almost 37,000 patients at 13 HIV clinics from 2001 to 2011 in the United States—suggests an encouraging shift from earlier work documenting poor retention in care and drug adherence in transgender people, a high-risk group for HIV.

In the retrospective analysis, led by Baligh R. Yehia, MD, MPP, MSHP, a clinical instructor in the division of infectious diseases at Penn Medicine, researchers found that transgender people receiving care had similar rates of retention, antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, and HIV suppression as nontransgender men and women over the 10-year period.

Yehia says there are several factors that could explain why care and suppression rates have improved and become more equal. “It’s a combination of things: there have been great advances in HIV therapy and management over the last decade and increased attention from advocates and groups on identifying people infected with HIV quickly, linking them to care in a timely fashion, and starting treatment earlier,” he says. “In addition, there is an increased focus on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health in general.

“Over the past five years, leading federal institutions and national organizations, including the Institute of Medicine, American Medical Association [AMA], and the American Association of Medical Colleges, have emphasized the importance of improving the health of LGBT populations by understanding and addressing their unique health care needs, identifying research gaps and opportunities, and developing educational activities to address the needs of LGBT trainees, faculty, staff, and patients.”

For the study, Yehia and colleagues, including Kelly A. Gebo, MD, MPH, of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, retrospectively looked at 36,845 patients from 13 clinics within the HIV Research Network, a consortium that cares for HIV-infected patients across the nation, from 2001 to 2011. Of the group, 285 self-identified as transgender.

Researchers found that transgender persons were retained in care, received ART, and achieved HIV suppression 80%, 76%, and 68% of the time during the 10 years, respectively. Similarly, men were 81%, 77%, and 69%, while women were 81%, 73%, and 63%.

Transgender patients were more likely to be young, Hispanic, and have men who have sex with men as their HIV risk behavior compared with men and women living with HIV.

Little is known about the health outcomes of HIV-positive transgender people compared with other groups, but they are among the groups at the highest risk of the disease, with the highest percentages in blacks and Hispanics. In 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported newly identified HIV infection rates of 2.9% for transgender persons compared with 0.9% for nontransgender males and 0.3% for females.

Past studies in the transgender population have documented decreased engagement in care, low ART coverage, and poor adherence to medication. Such disparities have been tied to discrimination, social isolation, and the community’s concerns about ART’s effect on hormone replacement therapy—which is used to boost testosterone or estrogen levels as a way to bring one’s secondary sexual characteristics more in line with their gender identity.

Patients can, however, safely receive ART and hormone therapy, notes Yehia, and that seeking care from providers familiar with both will help to ensure they have safe levels of the therapies.

“Many physicians don't feel comfortable taking care of transgender individuals because they are unfamiliar with their specific health needs and concerns,” says Yehia, who also serves on the AMA LGBT advisory committee. “We have a come a long way, but more needs to be done. We need more education and research to help fill this knowledge gap and improve familiarity with transgender health issues.”

Next steps are to identify the proportion of individuals not in care, and to work on getting them engaged.

— Source: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania